Aspirin is considered a cornerstone medication among patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD). There is a lack of evidence regarding aspirin reloading in CAD patients who are already receiving aspirin therapy. We performed this systematic review to address this gap of knowledge. A systematic review on PubMed, Embase, and the Cochrane Library was conducted from inception until July 15, 2024. Two authors independently performed study selection, data extraction, and risk of bias assessment. Means differences (MD) were used in a meta-analysis of related outcomes from the studies. Our review included four studies enrolling 1187 individuals with CAD and chronic aspirin use before admission. The results of this systematic review found that aspirin reloading is significantly associated with a reduction of thromboxane B2 (MD, -17.46; 95% CI, -19.61 to -15.32; P<0.00001; I2=0%). Additionally, our findings revealed the beneficial effects of aspirin loading on thromboxane B2 -related platelet reactivity and myocardial injury indexes. No significant adverse outcomes, such as bleeding and increased mortality, were observed among the study groups. In conclusion, aspirin reloading can improve cardiovascular outcomes with a good safety profile among CAD individuals. However, further randomized clinical trials (RCTs) are still needed to provide robust evidence.

The cyclic stress-strain behavior of FRP-confined concrete columns is a key aspect of their performance, particularly in the context of seismic retrofitting and design. Significant research has been conducted in recent years to study the cyclic response of FRP-confined concrete in both circular and rectangular columns subjected to unloading and reloading cycles. These studies have led to the development of various cyclic stress-strain models to predict the behavior of FRP-confined concrete columns under such loading conditions.However, critical gaps remain in the modeling of early-stage unloading strains, reloading slope reduction, and cross-section-dependent behavior. This paper begins by introducing the fundamental components of cyclic stress-strain behavior. It then reviews and evaluates the existing models proposed for each aspect of this behavior, focusing on comparing their predictions with experimental data. Furthermore, modifications are suggested for components of the cyclic models that exhibit discrepancies when validated against experimental observations. These include a proposed reloading slope factor and refined unloading path formulations. These improvements aim to enhance the accuracy and reliability of cyclic stress-strain models for FRP-confined concrete columns, contributing to their effective application in structural design and seismic resilience.

Analysis and prediction of structural response to static or dynamic loading requires prediction of concrete response to variable load histories. The constitutive equations for the mechanical behavior of concrete capable of seeing damage effects or crack growth procedure under loading/unloading/reloading was developed upon micro-plane framework. The proposed damage formulation has been built on the basis of five fundamental types of stress/strain combinations, which essentially may occur on any of micro-planes. Model verification under different loading/unloading/reloadingstress/strainpaths has been examined. The proposed model is capable of presenting pre-failure history of stress/strain progress on different predefined sampling planes through material. Many of mechanical behavior aspects happen during plasticity such as induced anisotropy, rotation of principal stress/strain axes, localization of stress/strain, and even failure mechanism are predicted upon a simple rational way and can be presented.